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Provinces (outside B.C.)


National Commissioner for Children and Youth

Recommendation 1: Despite the Canadian federal government ratifying the UN CRC, provinces are inconsistent in how and when legal counsel is appointed for children (CBA, 2020; Child Projection Project Committee, BCLI, 2020; Lovinsky, 2016). Even within a province, there are often inconsistencies across different areas of law (Child Protection Project Committee, BCLI, 2020; Lovinsky, 2016). The literature also notes that current independent provincial and territorial Child Advocate and Representative Offices vary widely across provinces and are vulnerable to funding and operational changes due to provincial restructuring and changes in political priorities (Bendo & Mitchell, 2017; CBA, 2020). For instance, Ontario’s Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth was recently closed, and its investigative functions were transferred to the Ontario Ombudsman, which does not carry the same specialized approach towards children’s rights as the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth (CBA, 2020).

These issues can be addressed through a national plan across provinces to coordinate efforts and maintain consistency (Byrne & Lundy, 2019; CBA, 2020; Collins, 2019). The CBA recommends that the federal government develop an independent National Commissioner for Children and Youth reporting to both Houses of Parliament, with a statutory mandate to protect and promote human rights amongst children and youth in Canada, including their rights to participation, and to liaise with provincial, territorial and Indigenous counterparts to coordinate efforts of mutual concern and overlapping jurisdiction. The CBA further suggests that the National Commissioner should serve to coordinate and ensure consistency amongst independent child advocate offices across provinces and territories. Finally, the CBA emphasizes the importance of incorporating and protecting the rights and interests of Indigenous children and youth when developing a national policy on children’s rights.


Enhanced awareness and training

Ensure children are appropriately educated as to their rights

Recommendation 4: As this literature review has established, there are various ways in which children’s rights to participate in legal proceedings can be strengthened and preserved. To ensure sufficient attention and awareness is given to children’s participation rights, all parties to legal proceedings involving children must be appropriately educated and trained (Canadian Coalition on the Rights of Children, 2016, p.9; CBA, 2020; Martinson & Jackson, 2016; Martinson & Raven, 2020a). To increase awareness on child rights, more information about court processes should be provided to children, particularly older children, so they can provide informed views and preferences during legal proceedings (Birnbaum & Saini, 2012; Byrne & Lundy, 2019; Paetsch et al., 2018). This could also be achieved by incorporating children’s rights into school curriculums (Collins, 2019). A holistic, rights-based education would not only preserve the best interests of the child through the expression of their views but could also enable children to further realise their rights in other areas (CBA, 2020; Paetsch et al., 2018).


Enhanced awareness and training

Education and training for legal professionals

Recommendation 5: The Canadian legal system also requires specialised training of professionals working with children, including mental health professionals, lawyers, and judges (Bala & Birnbaum, 2019; Collins, 2019; Paetsch et al., 2018). This is particularly important for legal professionals working on cases involving parental alienation and/or family violence (Elrod, 2016; Martinson & Jackson, 2016). These types of cases require judges and mental health professionals who are experienced in discovering and addressing problems in the family, as there can be multiple reasons for a child refusing contact with a parent or guardian, including family violence that can continue to put the child at risk if left unaddressed in custody and access decisions (Elrod, 2016; Martinson & Tempesta, 2018).

Specific recommendations for children’s legal counsel include: ensuring democratic communication, in which lawyers and child both share information about themselves to build trust in preparation for proceedings; having lawyers inform children about the court process and what it means to have a lawyer represent them; having lawyers pose questions to children to better recognize how children understand the court process; and getting lawyers to emphasize flexibility in the child’s options to share their views, not share them at all or change their instructions to the lawyer (Bala & Birnbaum, 2019; Koshan, 2020; Horsfall, 2013; Paetsch et al., 2018). Those working at family courts should receive specialised training on family violence and high-risk cases, which can have a substantial impact on children’s rights (Koshan, 2020; Martinson & Raven, 2020a). From a scholastic perspective, much more research is needed to understand which of the many strategies implemented across Canada (and the world) might be most helpful to children’s legal participation (Birnbaum & Saini, 2012). This requires ongoing cooperation and collaboration between the legal and academic communities, to guarantee specialised and sensitised approaches to this topic.


Enhanced awareness and training

Seek consultations with judges regarding children’s participation

Recommendation 6: One of the most valuable ways in which judicial perspectives could be sought as to the level of education and training received across Canada, would be through an in-depth consultation that would identify fundamental flaws within the Canadian legal system (see Martinson & Jackson, 2016). Consultations should include members of the Indigenous legal community, who are best placed to speak to the needs of Indigenous children in Canada (CBA, 2020).


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